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, by Vanessa Ogle
Free Download , by Vanessa Ogle
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Product details
File Size: 1786 KB
Print Length: 288 pages
Publisher: Harvard University Press (October 12, 2015)
Publication Date: October 12, 2015
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B0174JH836
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You can look at your smartphone or computer and tell the the time to such an exactitude that only scientists in obscure ivory towers need anything more accurate. And, other than the differences in time zones, everyone else in the world can do the same and get the same reading. That there is an agreed-upon world standard for such a thing might be a cause for optimism, especially since a century ago there was lots of worldwide disagreement about marking time. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were the period when people started discussing worldwide time and coming to agreements about it. It wasn’t always a coldly scientific endeavor, with power plays and nationalism often more important than objectivity, but how we came to the current standard is the story in _The Global Transformation of Time 1870 - 1950_ (Harvard University Press) by historian Vanessa Ogle. Ogle tells a careful and well-researched story of how horological chaos was transformed into our current and rather sensible system, and concentrates less on the world conferences that agreed on, say, dividing the longitude line at Greenwich for a standard, than the social, economic, and political forces that pushed for change.Before the time covered in Ogle’s book, there was little need to try to synchronize clocks in different locales. It was train travel that showed the difficulties of all those different village times as people started moving long distances at fast speeds. Different railways kept time differently; in 1875, there were six different railway times being used just within the city of St. Louis. In 1883, the railroads decreed a Standard Railway Time, four hour-wide zones across America. It wasn’t until the next year that there was held in Washington, DC, an international Prime Meridian Conference, which agreed to use the longitude line running through Greenwich as the starting point for a system of 24 hour zones around the world. One of the ways that universal time was spread was by colonial governments imposing it upon their colonies. “Universalism was never neutral,†writes Ogle. “The main proselytizers of European time appear to have been missionaries and employers of indigenous laborers.†Tribes that had done quite well following the Sun, Moon, and stars had to conform to work hours, and so they had to conform to European time. It was but one aspect of impositions put upon natives, along with rules about clothes, housing, and morals, and as such was an extension of power. Reforming the world time eventually got done, but one of the surprises in Ogle’s book is that calendar reform was avidly proposed, although it didn’t get anywhere by comparison to clock reform. In the early 1900s, businessmen realized that to compare month by month statistics, it would be dandy to have evenly spaced months, thirteen of them, all of which started on a Monday, lasted for four weeks, and ended on a Sunday. Then there could be one day left over each year, which would be independent of in-week categorization. There were different means of making this happen, and vehement arguments between the proposers of the different schemes, but unifying calendars was different from unifying clocks. The big difference was that there was negligible resistance to clock reform from religious groups, but such groups did not like the idea of any calendar change, however logical: “Religious authorities successfully alerted public opinion to the religious objections to the project; their protests made national governments reluctant to interfere with religious sensitivities encapsulated in calendars.â€Ogle’s book presents the decades under discussion as a time of vast changes in movement and communication, and the resultant globalization is analogous to many of the changes we are undergoing in our own time. There is a theme here that is quite familiar, that of the sometimes contrary efforts of nationalization and globalization. The changes in designating time were messy and power-driven, but it is at end, however, a hopeful story. Time is vitally important to all of us, and it must mean something good that America, North Korea, Iran, and China, even with their differences and antagonisms, all keep time to the same standard.
Great book
Today we assume a shared global clock. Although we have time zones, I can establish with confidence what time it is in Paris or Tokyo. The process of standardising time keeping was not simple, however. Vanessa Ogle shows us how this process unfolded over decades of technological advance and political adjustment. Highly recommended!!
Terrific read about the origins of how we think and measure time around the world.
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